The Malaysian Insider :: Features
The Malaysian Insider :: Features |
| Social pressures force Tunisia women to fake virginity Posted: 07 Apr 2014 11:08 PM PDT It happens every April ahead of the summer marriage season, says Tunisian gynaecologist Faouzi Hajri – desperate brides-to-be beg for surgery to make them "virgins" again for their wedding night. Fearing rejection as "used" women in a conservative Muslim country where premarital sex is nevertheless common, Tunisian women are increasingly opting for the sort of surgery offered by Doctor Hajri. But it doesn't stop them regretting the need to convince new husbands of their purity. "A woman's honour shouldn't be determined by a few drops of blood," says Salima, a 32-year-old who admits she had the operation so that her "honour" was not in question on her wedding night. It is easy for a woman to have her hymen surgically reconstructed in Tunisia. The routine hospital operation takes around 30 minutes and costs from 400 to 700 euros (RM1,795 to RM3,142), with a less permanent version needing to be done within a week of the wedding, while the stitches hold. "The number of women resorting to hymenoplasty or hymenorrhaphy (as the operations are known) has gone up a lot in recent years," says Moncef Kamel, a doctor in the southern island of Djerba. The women he operates on – around 100 each year, aged between 18 and 45 – come with their faces hidden behind a scarf and dark glasses, "have a normal, active sex life", and generally hail from working-class backgrounds. "It's a taboo subject, which explains why there's a lack of official statistics," says Doctor Hajri. The Tunis-based gynaecologist says he also treats about 100 women annually, including from neighbouring Libya and Algeria. Men want virgin brides Since the 1950s, Tunisia has been considered the most progressive country in the Arab world in terms of women's rights, and politicians enshrined gender equality in the new constitution adopted in January. Demographic changes have reinforced personal freedoms, with sex outside marriage increasingly common and more people opting to marry later. But conservative attitudes persist, and for many Tunisian men marrying a virgin remains a priority, hence the rising demand for hymen restorations. For Tarek Belhadj Mohamed, a sociologist, such male attitudes reflect the "hypocrisy" of Tunisian society, which he said refuses to recognise the change in behaviour of a large section of the population. Research by psychoanalyst Nedra Ben Smail indicates that just five percent of Tunisian young women are not worried about losing their virginity before marriage, while more than 75% of women appearing to be virgins on their wedding night have had the operation. "The Tunisian way of life seems modern and open, but the reality is different, our society and even our ruling elite is in theory tolerant on the question of virginity, but when it affects them personally, virginity is a primordial condition for marriage," said Belhadj Mohamed. "Virginity certifies a woman's validity in our society where her purpose is essentially sexual and reproductive, while men have to 'train' so that they are sexually mature when they get married," he argued. He called the hymen operation a form of "discrimination towards women". Lying under pressure Salima agrees, despite having consented to the operation herself, saying she was forced into it by "the hypocrisy of men and of our society". The young woman decided one day that she would be honest with her boyfriend, whom she had not slept with, and told him she was not a virgin. "But as soon as he knew, he refused to marry and did everything he could to get me into his bed. That's the way Tunisian men think. A woman who has had sex before marriage is just a slut and can't be a good mother!" Another young woman, Sabra, believes unmarried women should have the right to a sex life just like the men, and that virginity is never a guarantee of fidelity. But the 27-year-old also chose to lie and yield to social pressures, rather than run the risk of remaining single. "If I had told my husband that I wasn't a virgin, he would never have agreed to marry me. And it's the same for many women in Tunisia." – AFP, April 8, 2014. |
| British scientist identify brain region linked to gambling addiction Posted: 07 Apr 2014 08:19 PM PDT Researchers said gamblers tended to think that future probabilities were altered by past events which is known as the "gambler's fallacy." For instance, near-misses seem to encourage further play, although there are no differences from any other loss. In a random sequence like tossing a coin, a run of one event (heads) makes them think the other outcome (tails) is due next. To determine the neurobiological origins of these distortions, Luke Clark from the University of Cambridge and colleagues examined patients with injuries to different parts of the brain. Thirty-one patients with injuries to specific parts of the brain, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala and insula were given two gambling tasks – a slot machine game that delivered wins and "near-misses," and a roulette game involving red or black predictions to elicit the gambler's fallacy. Thirteen patients with injuries to other parts of the brain and 16 healthy participants also played the simulated gambling games for comparison. All of the groups with except patients with insula damage reported a heightened motivation to play following near-misses in the slot machine game, and also fell prey to the gambler's fallacy in the roulette game. "Based on these results, we believe that the insula could be hyperactive in problem gamblers, making them more susceptible to these errors of thinking," Clark said. The findings, published in the U.S. journal PNAS, suggested that the insula could be a future target in treatment on compulsive gambling. "Future treatments for gambling addiction could seek to reduce this hyperactivity either by drugs or by psychological techniques like mindfulness therapies," Clark added. – Bernama, April 8, 2014. |
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