Jumaat, 21 Jun 2013

The Malaysian Insider :: Food

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The Malaysian Insider :: Food


Queen of her kitchen

Posted: 21 Jun 2013 05:15 PM PDT

Artisan Roast HQ: Coffee Central opens in PJ!

By Kenny Mah

PETALING JAYA, June 14 – Located in the secluded, semi-industrial enclave of Section 13 PJ, Artisan Roast HQ isn't where you'd expect the third and latest cafĂ© of a highly successful independent coffee ... Read More
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The Malaysian Insider :: Sports

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Miami Heat win second straight NBA crown

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 08:54 PM PDT

June 21, 2013

The Miami Heat repeated as National Basketball Association (NBA) champions with a 95-88 win over the San Antonio Spurs in the decisive seventh game of an epic series.

Miami's LeBron James, the sport's biggest star playing at the peak of his powers, had a game-high 37 points and pulled in 12 rebounds in a dominant performance while Dwyane Wade had 23 points.

James, named most valuable player of the Finals, shot 12-of-23 from the floor, including 5-of-10 three-pointers to lead Miami to their third NBA title and his second just two nights after the Heat's championship defence almost ended abruptly.

San Antonio, chasing a fifth NBA title, were just seconds away from clinching the championship on Tuesday before Miami staged an extraordinary comeback to win in overtime and force a decisive seventh game.

The visitors made a great start on Thursday, opening up a seven-point lead in the first quarter and by three late in the third quarter but came up just short.

Tim Duncan scored 24 points and grabbed 12 rebounds for the Spurs while Kawhi Leonard had 19 in the winner-take-all clash that had whipped basketball fans into a frenzy of excitement during a wildly fluctuating series full of escalating drama.

Courtside tickets for Thursday's game were selling on the secondary market for up to $30,000 (RM96,000) and the game lived up to the hype with both teams fiercely contesting every possession.

Miami made yet another slow start and trailed by seven points less than five minutes into the game, a sloppy pass from James allowing Duncan an easy dunk.

A trademark turnaround jumper from Wade indicated the veteran from the Heat's 2006 title-winning team was in an aggressive mood and the introduction of Chris Andersen into the game injected some more energy into the Heat.

A pair of three pointers from Shane Battier brought roars from the crowd as Miami built an 18-16 lead by the end of the opening quarter.


Kept close

James took a rest for the opening three minutes of the second quarter and the Spurs kept close. With just under seven minutes left in the half, the teams were tied at 27-27, both shooting 11-30 from the field.

The brief rest paid off as James quickly gave Miami a six-point lead - he was fouled while scoring, putting away the free throw and then followed up with a three pointer from deep.

But while the Heat were moving the ball well, typically, San Antonio kept close, helped by a huge three pointer from Gary Neal before a Duncan lay-up leveled the game at 40-40 with 1:55 left in the half.

Wade ended a fine first half performance with a fall-away jump shot to give the Heat a 46-44 lead at the break after scoring 14 points on 7-12 shooting and grabbing six rebounds.

James drained his third three-pointer early in the third quarter but two jumpers from the an impressive Kawhi Leonard, who had grabbed 10 first-half rebounds, ensured the Spurs kept with the pace.

Danny Green, who had been struggling with his shooting, sank a three-pointer to put San Antonio briefly a point ahead with 5:27 left in the third but James responded with two long rangers of his own, his five three-pointers a personal best in an NBA Finals game.

The Spurs led by two but Mario Chalmers beat the buzzer at the end of the third with a 30-footer to take Miami into the final quarter of the season with a 72-71 lead.

A Battier three gave the Heat an early four point cushion and a Wade basket extended the lead to six with 7:14 remaining.

But San Antonio again responded and when Leonard drained a three-pointer it was a two-point game with two minutes left.

Chalmers missed two free throws but with 27 seconds left James delivered the killer blow with a vital jump shot and then made sure of victory when he snatched a Manu Ginobili pass, was fouled and put away both his free throws.

Wade added another from the free throw line before the crowd erupted in celebration. - Reuters, June 21, 2013.

Spain romp to record 10-0 win over Tahiti

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 06:29 PM PDT

June 21, 2013

Another goal goes past Tahiti's goalkeeper Mikael Roche, this time by David Villa (hidden) as David Silva (left), Fernando Torres (right) and Juan Mata look on. AFP picSpain broke the record for the biggest margin of victory at the final phase of a FIFA tournament by crushing minnows 10-0 Tahiti at the Confederations Cup in Rio de Janeiro on Thursday.

Fernando Torres scored four times and David Villa claimed a hat-trick for the world and European champions at Rio's hallowed Maracana, with David Silva adding a brace and Juan Mata also finding the net.

No team had previously won by 10 goals at an international FIFA event, with Hungary (9-0 against South Korea at the 1954 World Cup, 10-1 against El Salvador at the 1982 World Cup) and Yugoslavia (9-0 against Zaire at the 1974 World Cup) the co-holders of the previous record.

Tahiti, who sit 138th in the FIFA ranking, equalled their heaviest defeat - a 10-0 demolition by New Zealand in 2004 - but Spain fell short of matching their 13-0 annihilation of Bulgaria in a 1933 friendly.

"It's a very nice result. The difference between the two teams was too great," said Spain coach Vicente del Bosque.

"But we played our game and they have a way of playing that is correct. They're a very noble team."

Spain will be assured of a place in the semi-finals if Nigeria avoid defeat against Uruguay in Salvador later in Group B. The same outcome would also end Tahiti's mathematical chance of reaching the last four.

Tahiti coach Eddy Etaeta said the reception his part-time players had received from the Brazilian crowd represented a "great victory".

"We've won the hearts of the fans," he said. "'Obrigado' (thank you, in Portuguese) to everyone."

Del Bosque made no less than 10 changes to his starting line-up, with only centre-back Sergio Ramos keeping his place in the team from the 2-1 win over Uruguay.

Tahiti's players presented their opponents with necklaces and pendants prior to kick-off, but the pleasantries did not last long, as Torres beat goalkeeper Mickael Roche at his near post to give Spain a fifth-minute lead.

Roche was drafted into the Tahiti team in place of Xavier Samin, who shipped six goals against Nigeria, and the newcomer momentarily looked set to play the hero, saving at Torres' feet and repelling Santi Cazorla's half-volley.

His resistance did not last long, however, as Spain ran in three goals in the 14 minutes before half-time to banish any hopes of a shock result.

Silva found the bottom-left corner from Villa's pass in the 31st minute, with Torres dinking the ball over the advancing Roche and rolling home before Villa got on the score-sheet from Silva's low cross.

Tahiti surprisingly enjoyed 37 percent of possession in the first half, but Del Bosque added another attacking player at half-time in Jesus Navas and Villa soon made it 5-0 from a low Nacho Monreal cross.

Torres completed his hat-trick in the 57th minute, side-footing home from Navas' cut-back, before Villa matched his strike partner by tapping in after Roche allowed a long pass to squirm through his grasp.

Mata drove in Spain's eighth shortly afterwards, and although Torres then put a penalty against the crossbar, he quickly atoned by rounding Roche to roll in his fourth goal.

Navas teed up his new Manchester City team-mate Silva for the record-breaking 10th goal in the 89th minute, by which time Spain's celebrations had become rather sheepish. - AFP, June 21, 2013.


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The Malaysian Insider :: Features

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Sun bears target of demand in traditional medicine

Posted: 21 Jun 2013 12:36 AM PDT

June 21, 2013

Hunted for generations in the jungles of Borneo for the bile from its gall bladder and for food, the Malayan Sun Bear (pic) continues to be a target for the ever present global demand in traditional medicine and exotic meat, threatening the world's smallest bear which is said to have dwindled in numbers by 30 per cent in the last three decades. 

Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre (BSBCC) founder and chief executive officer Wong Siew Te said natives, particularly in Borneo, traditionally believe that the Sun Bear's bile ejects itself out of the gall bladder and spreads inside a bear's body, healing injuries in a fall. 

Sun Bears can climb high up on trees and normally climb down slowly from the tree.

However when they encounter human encroachment in the forest when they are on a tree, they tend to slide down quickly or even drop themselves from the tree. 

They then recover quickly and go about their day. 

This has erroneously made people believe that the phenomenon is due to the power of the Sun Bear bile that spreads within the body and heals the bears, allowing them to recover instantly. 

"This is why Sun Bears are traditionally hunted in the wild for their bile, apart from their meat," Wong said. 

He said in some parts of the world, Asiatic Black Bears are kept in unimaginably cruel conditions in small metal cages and their bile extracted for up to 20 years, and then killed once they are unable to produce the liquid.

While there are no bear bile farms in Malaysia, bear bile is consumed locally. 

Bear gall bladder, bear bile capsules and other bile products are sold illegally in traditional medicine stores. 

"With this demand, Sun Bears continue to be at risk of getting hunted in the wild," he said in a statement here today, to create awareness on the plight of Sun Bears. 

While the actual number of Sun Bears in the wild is unknown, its status as a 'Totally Protected' species under the Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment and its listing as "Vulnerable" on The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List is not keeping those after its bile away from the risk of prosecution. 

Under the Enactment, those found in possession of a Sun Bear or its product could face a fine of up to RM50,000 or a jail term of five years, or both. 

Wong said Sun Bears are still hunted in Borneo for their purported medicinal properties, and he cited a recent news report on bear meat and parts being sold at a market in Kapit, Sarawak.

Other threats that Sun Bears face include habitat loss and demand for the exotic pet trade. 

Sun Bear cubs are cute and there is demand for such a pet. 

To get a cub, the mother is killed to prevent hunters from getting harmed. 

Once these cubs grow, they become aggressive and it becomes dangerous to keep them as pets. 

"This is when they are surrendered to the authorities. They lose survival skills when kept as pets, as this is something they learn from their mothers," he said. 

Bears surrendered to or confiscated by the Sabah Wildlife Department are sent to the BSBCC adjacent to the Sepilok Orang Utan Rehabilitation Centre. 

It is currently home to 28 Sun Bears. 

Awareness activities will be stepped up once the BSBCC is officially opened to the public, tentatively by early next year.

The BSBCC held a fund raiser on July 20 in Sandakan to meet the ever increasing costs of caring for Sun Bears in captivity and for awareness work. 

The fundraising dinner with the theme "Big Dreams, Little Bears" saw Wong sharing with guests updates on Sun Bears and an exclusive photographic art auction by Jonathan Tan as well as performances by Jaclyn Victor, Gary Chow, Pink Tan and Amir Yussof and friends. 

A free documentary screening is scheduled today at the Sabah Hotel for 500 students, teachers and representatives of local associations.  

The BSBCC is a non-governmental organisation set up in 2008 through collaboration of the Sabah Wildlife Department, Sabah Forestry Department and Land Empowerment Animals People (LEAP). 

Major funders for BSBCC include Yayasan Sime Darby, the federal Tourism Ministry, Sabah Tourism, Culture and Environment Ministry, the Sabah State Government and other foreign and local organisations. - Bernama, June 21, 2013.

Lose weight, improve your memory: study

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 09:40 PM PDT

June 21, 2013

Not only is shedding excess weight good for overall health, a very small new study suggests that weight loss can also help improve memory and overall brain activity in women. 

That's the conclusion from a study out of Umea University in Sweden in which scientists used magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) to monitor the brain activity of a group of 20 older, overweight women as they underwent a series of cognitive tests. 

What they found was that memory skills showed significant improvement after the subjects were put on a six-month diet and lost weight, a finding which shows that obesity-related impairments in memory function are reversible, authors say. 

Previous research has shown that obese people have impaired episodic memory, the memory of events that happen throughout one's life. 

A 2010 study out of Northwestern Medicine in the US, for example, found that memory loss was proportional to how much a woman weighs and even differs depending on whether or not subjects are pear or apple-shaped. 

The more weight she carried around her hips, or the more pear-shaped she was, the more pronounced the memory loss compared to women who carry excess fat around their waists, the study found. 

"The altered brain activity after weight loss suggests that the brain becomes more active while storing new memories and therefore needs fewer brain resources to recollect stored information," said lead author Andreas Pettersson of the Swedish study. 

The latest findings were presented recently at the Endocrine Society's 95th Annual Meeting in San Francisco. 

The cognitive tests, meanwhile, involved pairing faces and names presented on a screen as researchers examined subjects' brain activity on MRIs, a process known as "encoding." 

The memory retrieval task involved pairing the face with the first letter of their names.

 After weight loss, brain activity increased during the memory encoding exercises in regions important for identification and the matching of faces, researchers said. 

Brain activity also decreased in areas responsible for impaired episodic memories, indicating more efficient retrieval. - AFP/Relaxnews, June 21, 2013.

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The Malaysian Insider :: Showbiz

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Most blogged artists: Mikky Ekko, Kill J

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 07:23 PM PDT

June 21, 2013

On Thursday, June 20, American singer/songwriter/producer Mikky Ekko is in the Hype Machine's most blogged artists chart after dropping his latest track, "Kids," and the mysterious Kill J makes her debut in fifth position. 

Mikky Ekko first caused a buzz with his debut, Clams Casino-produced single, "Pull Me Down," which dropped back in February. 

Now, after a brief period of quiet, Mikky Ekko is back with "Kids," which was produced by Beeny Blanco - who has worked with artists such as Ke$ha and Nicki Minaj - and John Hill, who has worked with Wavves and M.I.A., among others. 

"Kids" has been causing a buzz across the music blogs, with Sunset In The Rearview describing it as "a gorgeous little tune about the carefree nature of childhood" and All Things Go Music writing "the track packs enough inspiration to make brushing your teeth feel like the most meaningful experience of your life." 

Stream/download "Kids": soundcloud.com/mikkyekko/mikky-ekko-kids/s-du80D Making her debut in the Hype Machine's most blogged artists chart is Denmark's Kill J. 

Very little is known about the emerging Danish artist, but her single "Phoenix" has been making a stir. 

The Line Of Best Fit says "Phoenix," the artist's only song on Soundcloud, "mixes dark electronic beats with pixie-like vocals to create something unusually haunting," while Pigeons And Planes says the track "combines the smooth, minimal backdrop of the more modern hip-hop and R&B-influenced sounds of today, but the quivering voice and experimental nature is more of what we've come to expect from the pop music out of Scandinavia.

" Stream "Phoenix": soundcloud.com/killj/phoenix-1 

The Hype Machine's most blogged artists are: 

01. M.I.A. (no change) 

02. Dornik (no change) 

03. Mikky Ekko (re-entry) 

04. Mayer Hawthorne (+3) 

05. Kill J (new entry) 

06. Shigeto (new entry) 

07. Banks (re-entry) 

08. Todd Terje (-5) 

09. RĂĽfĂĽs (new entry) 

10. Miguel (re-entry) hypem.com

Launched in 2005, The Hype Machine aggregates information from more than 1,000 music blogs worldwide. Known for identifying up-and-coming artists, the site enables music fans to easily find out what music is hot in the blogosphere and to instantly hear and buy mp3s. - AFP/Relaxnews, June 21, 2013.

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The Malaysian Insider :: Books

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The Malaysian Insider :: Books


Lost story of Spanish war sees light after 70 years

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 07:05 AM PDT

Few takers at Faulkner auction in NY

June 17, 2013, New York - A major auction of manuscripts and letters of American writer William Faulkner, a Nobel laureate, drew an underwhelming public response at auction in New York Tuesday, with the ... Read More

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The Malaysian Insider :: Bahasa

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The Malaysian Insider :: Bahasa


DAP desak Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar dipinda untuk hukum pesalah jerebu

Posted: 21 Jun 2013 02:22 AM PDT


Oleh Md Izwan
June 21, 2013

Satu usul akan dikemukakan DAP sebaik sahaja sidang Parlimen dibuka bagi mendesak pindaan Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar untuk menghukum pihak tidak bertanggungjawab sebagai punca masalah jerebu, ia ekoran tuduhan Menteri Kanan Indonesia, Agung Laksono mengatakan syarikat Malaysia yang bertanggungjawab membakar hutan dengan sengaja.

Jerebu yang bermula di selatan tanah air kini sudah merebak ke Negeri Sembilan, dua kawasan di Johor iaitu Pasir Gudang dan Kota Tinggi mencatatkan bacaan Indeks Pencemaran Udara (IPU) berbahaya pada 310 dan 313 masing-masing.

"Saya akan mengarahkan Ahli Parlimen Kulai Teo Nie Ching untuk mengemukakan cadangan tersebut melalui suatu usul segera di Parlimen minggu hadapan," katan Setiausaha Agung DAP Lim Guan Eng dalam satu kenyataan hari ini.

"Undang-undang tersebut akan membenarkan Malaysia mengambil tindakan terhadap mana-mana syarikat Malaysia dan syarikat antarabangsa yang beroperasi di Malaysia yang menyumbang atau bertanggungjawab atau pun memainkan peranan secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam kebakaran merentas sempadan di Indonesia," tambahnya lagi.

Lim juga turut menggesa supaya kerajaan Indonesia sendiri mengambil tindakan ke atas syarikat-syarikat yang didakwa mereka sebagai punca pembakaran hutan tersebut, serta menggesa negara jiran tersebut menandatangani Perjanjian Southeast Asian Transboundary Haze Agreement (SEATHA).

"Indonesia harus bertanggungjawab penuh di atas kegagalannya memenuhi tuntutan antarabangsa kepada ASEAN dan Malaysia di bawah rancangan kerjasama pencemaran rentas sempadan ASEAN untuk mencegah jerebu," tegas Lim lagi, sambil mendesak Putrajaya untuk menekan negara jiran tersebut menandatangani perjanjian tersebut.

Masalah jerebu kali ini bukan yang kali pertama berlaku, malah Malaysia dan negara jiran lain terpaksa berhadapan sejak 20 tahun dulu dan hingga kini tidak menemui jalan penyelesaian.

Malaysia telah mengalami dua jerebu teruk setakat ini, satu pada tahun 1997 dan satu lagi pada tahun 2005.

Pada September 1997, di saat indeks pencemaran udara di Sarawak melampaui paras 600, kerajaan terpaksa mengumumkan darurat, sehingga hanya farmasi, klinik, kedai dan perkhidmatan keperluan sahaja yang dibenarkan beroperasi, mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi bernilai hampir $9 bilion di Asia Tenggara.

Bagi menangani masalah tersebut daripada terus merebak, Lim juga menggesa agar Jabatan Alam Sekitar (JAS) melaksanakan pembenihan awan dengan segera di tempat-tempat yang paling teruk dilanda jerebu disamping memantau sebarang pembakaran terbuka.

Ekoran masalah jerebu yang melanda di Johor, Pengarah Jabatan Pendidikan Johor Mohd Nor A Ghani memaklumkan bahawa 589 sekolah di Muar, Batu Pahat, Pasir Gudang dan Pontian diarah tutup sehingga makluman lanjut diberitahu.

Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor (JKNJ) juga memaklumkan jumlah kes pesakit akibat jerebu di negeri itu terutama masalah Upper Respiratory Tract (URTI) meningkat sebanyak 21 peratus minggu ini berbanding minggu sebelumnya.

Tahap IPU dikategori sebagai bahaya apabila bacaan mencecah 301 dan lebih, sangat tidak sihat (201 hingga 300), tidak sihat (101 hingga 200), sederhana (51 hingga 100) dan sihat pada kosong hingga 50.

Semalam, Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak menyeru pihak bertanggungjawab menggerakkan sistem pemantauan kesihatan bagi mengesan penyakit berkaitan jerebu.

Beliau turut menekankan bahawa pencegahan adalah lebih baik daripada rawatan.

Walaupun terdapat amaran terhadap masalah jerebu yang semakin parah, Pakatan Rakyat (PR) tetap berkeras akan meneruskan perhimpunan Black505 pada Sabtu ini.

"Menurut laporan API, Selangor belum mencapai tahap merbahaya 100 dan ke atas," kata Pengarah Strategi PKR Rafizi semalam. - 21 Jun, 2013.

Hukuman penjara bekas guru agama dan sukarelawan ditambah kepada 20 tahun

Posted: 21 Jun 2013 02:03 AM PDT

June 21, 2013

Mahkamah Tinggi di sini hari ini menambah hukuman penjara seorang bekas guru agama dan seorang sukarelawan yang menyebabkan kematian seorang penghuni Rumah Kebajikan Darul Islah Selangor (Perkid) lima tahun lepas, daripada 15 tahun kepada 20 tahun.

Hakim Datuk Nurchaya Arshad membuat keputusan itu selepas menolak rayuan Mohammed Azizi Mohd Vello, 30, dan Mohd Shuhaidi Mohamad, 31, terhadap sabitan dan hukuman 15 tahun penjara ke atas mereka yang diputuskan Mahkamah Sesyen di sini pada 29 Feb tahun lepas.

Nurchaya turut menolak permohonan peguam Abdul Halem Mohamad Husin yang mewakili Mohammed Azizi dan Mohd Shuhaidi agar pelaksanaan hukuman ke atas kedua-dua anak guamnya ditangguhkan sementara menunggu rayuan di Mahkamah Rayuan.

Sebaliknya beliau memerintahkan Mohammed Azizi menjalani hukuman itu berkuatkuasa dari tarikh dia dijatuhi hukuman di Mahkamah Sesyen pada 29 Feb tahun lepas manakala hukuman penjara ke atas Mohd Shuhaidi diarahkan berkuatkuasa hari ini berikutan tertuduh berada dalam jaminan.

Pada 29 Feb tahun lepas, Hakim Mahkamah Sesyen Suzana Hussin menjatuhkan hukuman penjara 15 tahun ke atas kedua-dua tertuduh selepas didapati bersalah menyebabkan kematian Megat Mohd Amirul Adha Sobri, 23, di Perkid yang beralamat di No: 9, Jalan Sentosa, Batu 14, Hulu Langat, kira-kira pukul 11 pagi, 26 Jun 2008.

Mereka didakwa mengikut Seksyen 304(a) Kanun Keseksaan yang memperuntukkan hukuman penjara maksimum 30 tahun dan boleh didenda.

Mengikut keterangan kes, mangsa yang pengsan selepas kejadian itu telah dikejarkan ke Hospital Ampang tetapi disahkan meninggal dunia dan punca kematiannya adalah akibat hentakan senjata tumpul di kepala.

Doktor turut mengesahkan terdapat 70 luka pada badan, kepala, muka, paha dan kaki mangsa.

Seramai 18 saksi pendakwaan dan dua saksi pembelaan dipanggil memberi keterangan sepanjang perbicaraan.

Mohammed Azizi, sukarelawan di Perkid, sebuah badan bukan kerajaan yang menumpukan kepada isu seperti murtad di kalangan orang Melayu Islam, dadah dan akhlak, menyertai rumah kebajikan itu pada awal 2007 untuk menerima rawatan dan sebaik pulih menawarkan diri sebagai sukarelawan di pusat itu.

Mohd Shuhaidi yang juga ketua operasi Perkid Hulu Langat pula menyertai rumah kebajikan itu pada 2004.

Timbalan Pendakwa Raya Fazillah Begum hadir bagi pihak responden sementara peguam M.Athimulan dan Ridha Abdah Subri hadir sebagai peguam pemerhati bagi keluarga mangsa. - Bernama, 21 Jun, 2013.

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The Malaysian Insider :: Opinion

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Former ministers do not fade away — they get appointed to plum positions — The Malaysian Insider

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 06:05 PM PDT

[unable to retrieve full-text content]Former tourism minister Ng Yen Yen is expected to take up her position as the chairman of the Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB) despite her party, the Malaysian Chinese Association's (MCA) avowed stand not to take government posts due to their poor election results. The Sun Daily reported today that the MCA politician appointed herself to ...
    


Memahami isu konflik Syria

Posted: 20 Jun 2013 04:22 PM PDT

June 21, 2013

Mujahid Yusof Rawa is MP for Parit Buntar and PAS National Unity Committee chairman.

Muqaddimah

Konflik Syria berkembang dari satu tahap menuntut kebebasan dan demokrasi kepada perang saudara yang telah mengheret konflik kepada  penglibatan kuasa-kuasa berkepentingan di rantau Timur Tengah. 

Persoalannya ialah bagaimanakah kita memahami isu yang rumit ini dalam hubungan persoalan ketegangan kepuakan (sectarian violence) ataukah ia satu konflik bermotifkan saingan kuasa untuk mengekalkan hegemoni. 

Ia tidak semudah melabelkan Syria sebagai satu konflik Sunni-Syiah tanpa memahami realiti konflik di rantau Timur Tengah dari perspektif sejarah dan ketegangan politik sebelum ini. 

Sebagaimana ia tidak mudah di rasionalkan secara emosi permusuhan Sunni lwn Syiah semata-mata sedangkan jika kita mengandaikan demikian kita sudah mematikan usaha lebih besar yang sepatutnya diusahakan iaitu dialog dan perdamaian antara pihak berkonflik. 

Begitu juga jika kita menyempitkan isu ini kepada Sunni lwn Syiah semata-mata kita akan menafikan teori pengimbangan kuasa Amerika di Timur Tengah yang menjadi pencetus utama konflik di sebelah sini. Seharusnya kita menyusun strategi yang objektif untuk memahami konflik Syria.

Membina Kefahaman

Semua isu konflik di Timur Tengah khusunya dan di rantau lain amnya terbentuk dari hubungan kepentingan negara dan rantau atau 'state and regional interest' Dalam konteks disiplin perhubungan antarabangsa sesuatu konflik tidak akan berlaku semata-mata atas kepentingan negara dan ini terbukti dengan peperangan di Vietnam, perang Arab-Israel dan peperangan Teluk. 

Semua konflik itu diwarnai oleh suasana kepentingan kuasa besar memastikan pengimbangan kuasa dan kepentingan mereka terpelihara di rantau tersebut. 

Zaman tirai besi menyaksikan persaingan kuasa Soviet dan Amerika manakala, zaman neocolonialism menyaksikan  penguasaan Kuasa Amerika dan sekutunya dalam membawa Demokrasi di negara Timur-Tengah. 

Penglibatan kuasa luar yang berminat adalah bermotifkan kepentingan rantau yang secara implikasinya memberi keuntungan atau kerugian kepada dasar luar kuasa yang berminat. 

Syria tidak terkecuali dari asas pemikiran ini dalam memahami kerumitan isu yang sedang bergolak sekarang.

Deskripsi Konflik

Membentuk perspektif yang objektif kepada konflik Syria akan membantu kita menggambarkan suasana yang berlaku. 

Bagi memandu perspektif itu kita mesti membentuk konsep pemikiran konflik kepada teori constructivism, neoconservatism dan neorealism. 

Teori ni terpakai dalam hubungan antarabangsa ketika menghuraikan konflik di Iraq pada post Saddam dalam menjawab persoalan adakah Konflik Iraq di berlaku di atas konflik kepuakan (sectarian) ataukah isu geo-politik (lihat Mari Luomi, Finish Institute of International Affair, Paper 56(2008) ). 

Isu Syria dalam konteks rantau Timur Tengah boleh difahami atas constructivism apabila ide konflik kepuakan (sectarian conflict) dinilai dari sudut dominasi ideologi yang ingin menguasai suasana dan didokong oleh rakyat. 

Neoconservatism membantu kita memahami dasar Kuasa Besar seperti Amerika yang melihat bahawa cara menguasai kepentingannya di rantau ialah dengan membawa demokrasi dan regime-change untuk menyekat penghalanya. 

Neorealism pula melihat logik hubungan antara negara di rantau terhalang dengan struktur antarabangsa yang menentukan hubungan antara negara seperti keselamatan, dasar perlindungan dari ancaman luar dan sovereignity.

Sunni lwn Syiah

Tanggapan mudah bahawa Syria terheret dalam kancah konflik Sunni lwn Syiah seharusnya dinilai dari sudut sejarah konflik Sunni lwn Syiah yang terhenti seketika kerana Arab Sunni dan Afab Syiah berhadapan dengan musuh penjajahan dan kemudian Israel. 

Namun era kebangkitan Islam dan kejatuhan regim diktator menyaksikan api Sunni lwn Syiah membara kembali di atas alasan kebimbangan survival masing-masing. 

Bagi rantau di Timur Tengah kewujudan bilangan Sunni dan Syiah agak signifikan di mana logik kewujudan mereka boleh dirasionalkan melalui konsep hubungan antara minoriti dan majoriti terbuna atas asas kebimbangan. 

Iran dan Iraq yang mencatatkan peratus tinggi penduduk Syiah mempengaruhi hubungan ini di rantau Timur Tengah. 

Saudi yang mewakili negara Sunni dilihat memimpin kempen anti-Syiah manakala Iran dilihat mewakili persepi anti Sunni. 

Keperluan mengekalkan dominasi masing-masing menyebabkan isu penyebaran ideologi melalui bantuan kewangan dan bantuan persenjataan dapat dikesan, contohnya di Lebanon di mana Iran membantu terang-terangan Hizbollah manakala Palestine pula disokong oleh kebanyakan Negara Telok yang Sunni. 

Walaupun Iran turut membantu Hammas tetapi ia lebih dilihat sebagai sikap anti Israelnya. 

Hammas pula agak tertekan dengan sikap Iran yang menyokong regim Basyar dan berfikir untuk tidak menerima bantuan dari Iran lagi. 

Sunni di Iraq yang minoriti turut bimbang dengan apa yang dinamakan sebagai kebangkitan Syiah post Saddam dan kewujudan Al Qaeda yang ditanggap proksi Saudi (Salafi-Wahabi) menjawab kebimbangan ini. 

Kekeliruan berlaku apabila keganasan diwajarkan dengan beralaskan Sunni bunuh Syiah dan sebaliknya sedangkan garis antara tersebut rapuh untuk dieksploitasikan oleh pihak yang mempunyai motif lain untuk menguasai keadaan. 

Isu pembunuhan ulamak Sunni tersohor iaitu Said Ramadhan Al Butthi menjadi bukti tanggapan teori ini. 

Jadi teori Sunni lwn Syiah tidak semudah yang disangka dan tidak boleh diandaikan atas emosi dan sentimen semata-mata.

Neocoservatism

Jangan kita lupa konflik Syria ada signifikannya dengan kepentingan kuasa Amerika di Timur Tengah. 

Syria selama ini adalah anti Amerika dan berbahaya kepada dasar luar negara Amerika yang meletakkan keutamaan kewujudan Israel di tengah kelompok negara-negara Arab.

Amerika terdesak untuk memastikan Syria tidak menjejaskan peluang ini apatah lagi Syria menjadi negara pelindung kepada Hamas dan Hezbollah dalam konflik Arab lwn Israel. 

Adalah penting neoconservatism  menguasai keadaan di Syria melalui regim-change dan membawa demokrasi supaya dasar luarnya di Timur Tengah terpelihara. 

Keadaan menjadi mudah dengan suasana kediktatoran pemimpin di Syria dan kebangkitan di Mesir dan Tunisia mengapikan lagi gerakan kebangkitan rakyat. 

Namun tanpa di sedari, Syria diheret ke kancah peperangan saudara yang tiada penghujungnya sehingga berbagai unsur yang mempunyai kepentingan merumitkan lagi keadaan.

Neorealism

Apakah konflik di Syria manifestasi kepada kepentingan keselamatan dan  survival sebuah identiti negara yang ada kepentingan diperingkat rantau yang bergolak ini? 

Adakah Iran menjustifikasikan bantuannya kepada Basyar atas kepentingan kuasanya di rantau berhadapan dengan Israel dan dasar Amerika? 

Ataukah Iran melihat negara Arab Sunni yang lain terlalu lemah untuk mempertahankan Syria lalu ia mengambil keputusan untuk mengukuhkan Basyar? 

Jika kita mengandaikan logik ini maka teori  Sunni lwn Syiah bukanlah asasnya tetapi ia adalah tercetus dari dasar luar negara yang terancang.

Apakah Kesudahannya?

Saya tidak mengandaikan bahawa isu Syria bukan konflik kepuakan antara Sunni lwn Syiah, bukan juga saya membuat kesimpulan bahawa ia hanya isu politik rantau hasil persaingan pihak yang berkepentingan. 

Saya mengandaikan bahawa keganasan yang berlaku meningkatkan lagi persepsi keganasan kepuakan Syiah lwn Sunni yang didorongkan oleh kepentingan keselamatan dan kestabilan rantau. 

Jadi isu Syria adalah isu hubungan geo-politik yang menyuburkan lagi sectarian violence. 

Tanggapan awal ini boleh membantu kefahaman terhadap konflik Syria di atas perspektif yang objektif lantas dapat membantu melihat pendekatan kepada permasalahan yang timbul. 

Ini penulisan awal kepada perincian yang akan menyusul.

 * Ini adalah pendapat peribadi penulis dan tidak semestinya mewakili pandangan The Malaysian Insider.

Kredit: http://www.themalaysianinsider.com
 

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